Brainstorm of Content for Documentary.

Time lines of Hairstyles - Women's

• How hair styles have changed over the decades.
• 18th Century - elaborate wigs, mile-high coiffures and highly decorated curls.
• 1920s - short, bobbed and waved styles.
• 1940s - Soft curls falling onto the shoulders or long, wavy natural looks.
• 1950s - Hair began to suffer abuse however and was teased, sculpted, sprayed, permanently waved and forced into perfectly formed curls. Hair often resembled a perfect helmet and women started to visit salons on a weekly.
• 1960s - short, back-combed hairstyles that could be quickly styled and held in place with hair spray, softened with a long, feminine fringe.
• 1970s - Manes of free-falling curls, soft partings and long fringes.
• 1980s- The long-bob was highly favoured-precisely cut and evenly curled under, a good hairdresser was an essential part of this woman’s life.
• 1990s - Messed-up hair was very much in but whether long or short it seemed the whole world had definitely gone blonde! Multi-toned highlights, all over blonde – any shade of blonde in fact, even previously brunette models and film stars turned blonde.

Time line of Hairstyles - Men's

• How hairstyles have changed over the decades
• 1920s - The popular hairstyles for men were moustaches and beards. Their hair was flat and plastered down.
• 1940s - Men in the 1940's usually wore their hair on the long side and all slicked back.
• 1950s - Sides of his hair slick back and the top cut in long, brush the hair straight back and up.
• 1960s - Short, clean haircuts - Mods
• 1970s - Simple hairstyle, where straight hair hangs down to just below the ear and than it is turned over into a soft curl at the ends.
• 1980s- The watchword for hair in the 1980s was BIG. The 80s was the of the hair band, the crimping iron and the teasing comb.
• 1990s - This style closely resembled the mullet.

Interviews

• Barbers.
• Hairdressers.
• Ethinic Hairdressers.
• Training Hairdressers.
• People who pride in there hair.
• People with crazy hair.
• High end hairdressers.
• Cheaper hairdressers.
• Hairdressers for younger people.
• Hairdressers for older people.

Wigs

• Elizabethan Wigs.
• Performance Wigs.
• Fashion Wigs.
• Barraster Wigs - Why do judges were theses?

Target audience research

Questionnaire.

Questionnaire

1. Gender?
Male Female

2. Age?
15-20 21-25 26-30 31-40 41 +

3. What celeb do you think are famous for their hair?
.....................................................................................................................................................

4. How often do you watch TV?
Everyday Every week Every month Never

5. Do you ever watch documentaries?
.....................................................................................................................................................

6. What Channel do you usually watch documentries on?
....................................................................................................................................................

7. What time would you expect to see a documentary?
12pm – 4pm 4pm – 7pm 7pm - 10pm 10pm+

8. Do you prefer a male or a female voice over?
.....................................................................................................................................................

9. How long does it take you to get ready in the morning?
5-15 minutes 15-30 minutes 30 minutes – 1hour 1 hour or more

10. How long do you spend on your hair?
5- 10 minutes 10- 15 minutes 15-30 minutes 1 hour or more

11. How often do you go the hairdressers?
Every week Every other week Monthly Every other month

Every 6 months

12. What straighteners do you use?
GHD’s Remmington Babylis Other None

13. Do you follow Hair fashion?
Yes No

14. Do you buy hair magazines?
Yes No Sometimes

15. If yes, do you use the hair advice in them?
Yes No

16. What hair products do you buy?
Shampoo Hair gel Conditioner Hair protector Hair serum

Hairspray Hair Wax Hair mousse

17. What length is your hair?
Short Long Mid Length

18. What colour is your hair?
...............................................................................................................................................

19. How many times do you look in the mirror to fix your hair?
Every time you see a mirror Occasionally Most of the time Never

20. Do you wear your hair the same every day?
Yes No

21. How would you describe your image? (Indie, Punk, Unusual)
................................................................................................................................................

22. How important is your hair to you? ( 1 being very- 5 not at all)
1 2 3 4 5

23. Do you dye your hair?
Yes No

24. Which celeb’s hair do you admire?
................................................................................................................................................

25. How much do you spend on getting your hair done?
£3- £10 £11 £25 £25- £50 £51- £75 £76- £100 More

26. What would the limit be for you to pay to get your hair done?
................................................................................................................................................

Intial Plans.

Hair:

• Time line of hair styles - Victorian times, 50s, 60s, 70s, 80s, 90s, 00s.
• Hairdressers - For older people, For younger people.
• High end hairdressers.
• Punks.
• Chavs.
• Cheaper hair cuts.
• Hair accessories - Clips, Clamps, Bobbles.
• Different hair types - Ethnic hair.
• Natural hair - Never been dyed.
• Hair colours - Brown, Blond, Purple, Red, Ginger.
• Hair Extensions - Natural, Fake, Prices.
• Different hair styles - Bouffants, Pony tails, Buns, Braids, Plats, Perms.
• Cost of hair cuts.
• Crazy Hair cuts - Spiky, Cover over.
• Hair cuts - Bobs, Trim, Shave.
• Boys Hair - Short, Long.
• Time line of boys hair - 60s, 70s, 80s, 90s, 00s.
• Wigs - Victorian, Barrister.

Brainstorming.

Documentaries Possibilities

• Movies - Genre
• Music - Singers, dancers, Bands
• Food - Cooks
• Fashion
• Chocolate
• Pets
• Stereotypes
• Hair
• Kittens
• Bracelets
• Library's
• Media - Journalists, Teachers, Technicians
• School - Teachers, Students

TV scheduling.

The schedule for each day can be broken down into clear segments. How could you categorise these segments ?

• Daytime.
• Afternoon.
• Evening.

Who are the target audience for these segments?

• Daytime - House wives, old people e.g. homes under the hammer, Jeremy Kyle.
• Afternoon - Children, old people e.g. CBBC.
• Evening - Teenage, adults e.g. Coronation Street, True blood.

What would you say are the most popular genres on television?

Soaps and documenrtaries - Coronation street, Hollyoaks, Holby City, Eastenders, Home and away, Who do you think you are, Bodyshock.

Who is the target audience of each terrestrial channel? Give examples of schedules programmes to support your views.

• BBC 1 - Adults.
• BBC 2 - Adults.
• ITV 1 - Children and adults, CITV, Coronation street.
• Channel 4 - Niche audience, Body shock, Skins.
• Channel 5 - Everyone, Milkshake, CSI Miami.

Roughly, what percentage of each channel's schedules is taken up with repeats? Why do you think this is?

There is about 15% of channels that are repeats, however there are more repeats on some channels than others.

Which channels have more imported programmes in their schedules? Why do you think this might be?

Channel Five has the most imported channels e.g. Home and away. I think this is because Channel Five doesnt have popular English shows like BBC, therefore they chose to use popular imported channels.

What do ypu understand by the term 'the watershed' and where does this occur in the schedules?

The watershed is were the programmes can have more adult humour, drugs, violence and stronger lanuage.

Scheduling theory.

TV companies want to reach the right audience for a particular programme.

• Inheritance - scheduling a programme after a popular one to try and 'inherit' their audience.
• Pre-echo - scheduling a programme before a popular programme that viewers will tune in early.
• Hammocking - between two popular programmes

Remote controls have had an impact, satellite/cable/freeview - makes audience active (sky+)

Watershed after 9 - sex,drugs, violence

Narrowcasting - specific target audience - e.g. disney channel, discovery channels, Nickelodeon, LivingTV, Dave.

Summery of codes and conventions.

• Interviewee not central.
• Opposite side of the screen.
• Cutaways.
• Caption of name and job title.
• Voice over - with images.
• Archive material used.
• Hand held camera work.
• Images used to relate/ illustrate voiceover.
• Narrator/ presenter/ voice of god.
• Interviewee looks at camera with a space next to them (looking space).
• Documentary type matches TV channel and audience.
• Non diegetic matches genre and audience.
• Talking head interviews.
• Narrative structure.
• Mise en scene signifies something.
• Factual and imformative.
• 'Vox pop' interviews.

Documentary analysis.

The devil made me do it:

• Type of documentary

Expository - voice of god, images to illustrate the voice over.

Channel 4 - made for a particular

• Narrative structure

Enigma code - starts with Marylin Manson, then goes to a nun being murdered, make the audience ask questions.

Makes sense after murders reasons for killing the enigma code beginning to be answered, links to Marylin Manson.

What happened to the girls writing on the screen closed narrative.

• Camerawork

Framing of talking heads.

Captions - same writing, consist graphics throughout.

Establishing shot of cemetery, signify new sequence.

Handheld work in the woods to make spooky and as if the murders are walking through

Handheld camerawork so it is like the audience is there - frantic.

• Mise-en-scene

Hard and shoulder shot of the journalist - Vatican reporter ( were the pope lives).

Religious poster and book shelves.

Reenacting what happened - made to look spooky in the dark.

Police detective - background shows his importance.

Dark images to show the time of day it happens.

Friends - informal interview signifies the murders attitude - relaxing, smoking and negative.

Allot of people being interviewed - wide range, some formal.

Audience and institution

Niche audience - small particular audience on channel 4

• Sound

Diegetic - translator voice over, person talking.

Non-diegetic - music made to sound sad - signify how we are meant to feel.

Non-diegetic - phone sound.

Heartbeat.

They use their confessions and sounds instead of reenactment.

Voice of god - formal mode of address.

• Editing

Cutaways during interview.

• Archive Material

Marylin Manson concert performance.

• Graphics

Writing - Black background, silver stereotypical associated with devil, 'T' is a cross.

The music biz - market meatloaf

• Type of documentary

BBC 2 documentary - educational.

Expository - making music is all about money - getting told what to think about documentary and music industry.

• Narrative structure

Sets the scene at the Brit awards in first 5 minutes then goes to the main part about meatloaf does this through the awards.

Should is campaign then shows us that is was all a success.

• Camerawork

Handheld camera work whilst they are looking at the red carpet, makes more exciting as if the audience is there.

Point of view shot when the camera walks through a door and shows a pass, puts the audience into a press conference.

• Mise-en-scene

Interviews removed background of talking head and replaces it with videos of meatloaf.

Also interview behind meatloaf.

Interviews fade in and out and are on opposite sides of the scene (camera work).

Interviews in office showing they are busy.

• Sound

Male voice over, authority and it about a male

Voice over opinionated

Music is building up to the question

• Editing

Trying to create a pace and energy to the documentary - going to interviews with meatloaf and the director of the music video

Cross fades of lots of things so we know what they are talking about

• Archive material

Meatloaf performing on stage and video

Uses allot of still images, videos, performances

• Graphics

Interview made to look like its in a magazine

Moving images behind the person instead of a static background

Sound bites of people who could be in the documentary

Name of the programme with every caption gives the show an identity

Quotes going across the middle of the screen.

That thing Lara Croft

• Type of documentary

Expository - Voice of god, images anchor voice over


BBC2

• Narrative structure

Explaining how Lara Croft has become so big and how she has starts as just a video game.

Is seen as a sex symbol comparing her to Barbie and Madonna.

• Camera work

Static camera work, talking heads.

• Mise-en-scene

Filmed interviews in front of a green screen with clips of the video game.

Angelina Jolie interview static background maybe shows they didn't have the technology for a green.

• Sound

Music makes the interview seem more fast paced

Voice over man, target audience male.

• Editing

Cutaways to the game in between interviews also of the movie with Angelina Jolie.

Quick cut ways make the the pace faster.

Interview with Angelina - cutaways mainly the movie.

Cutaways to website for Lara Croft.

• Archive material

Of the game

The movie


Websites

• Graphics

Interview made to look like it is in a computer screen

Lara Croft in the middle of the screen.

An Idiot Abroad

• Type of documentary

Expository - Voice of God.

Sky1 Niche audience - comedy and sci -fi shows.

• Theme

Comedy.

• Narrative Structure

Shows what is going to happen throughout the series makes us want to watch it.

He gets introduced to what he has to do.

He goes to chine and feels like he cant communicate with people and e is digusted by the food market, toliets, coaches and disappointed in the Great wall of China.

The point of the documentary is to out this man in a unfamiliar environment and see how he reacts.

• Camera work

Handheld camera work as if we are following him.

Static camera work when he is being interviewed.

Filmed above Chinese people to show how he stands out with his height.

Shot-reverse-shot showing a conversation.

Medium close up shows his disgust in toilets in China .

Tracking shot showing he is lost and alone.

• Mise-en-scene

Montage of everything to expect in the programme.

Oriental rooms reminds the audience were he is.

Chinese market and he stands out with his clothes, height and food he is eating.

• Sound

Beginning larger thuds - danger to him, fast paces music as he arrives to China.

Light music as he arrives to his hotel - Juxtaposed with his mood.

Voice over - male voice.

Translator for the Chinese man - womens voice.

• Editing

Quick makes it more fast paced.

Cutaways while he is talking to Chinese fortune teller and Chinese looking orniments.

Documentary Genres/Styles.

Expository

• Style created by a 'voice-of-god' - narration which is directly addresses the viewer.
• Voice over anchors the maining of the images being shown.
• Images illustrate what the narrator is saying.
• These documentaries are usually centered around a problem that needs solving.

Observational(fly-on-the-wall)

• This style began with the 'direct cinema' techniques.
• Lightweight camera equipment allowed crews to film right where the action was.
• Creating dramatic excitement.
• Avoids voice oversor commentary.
• Camera is as unobstrusive as possible.
• Close to a 'window on the world' idea.
• The audience is allowed to see an unmediated reality.
• Indirect address to the audience.
• Diegetic sound.
• Relatively long takes, demonstrating nothing has been cut/edited out.
• Focus on a specific individual, during crisis or drama.
• Event offend unfold in front if the camera.
• Led to a greater interest in the personal and the intimate.

Problems with the style :
Im possible to create a genuine 'window on the world', focus on personal issues means many are superficial and apolitical, they are edited like other documentaries so they are full of bias and subjectivity.

Docusoaps

• Docusoaps are a hugely popular hybrid.
• Long-running documentary series.
• Fictional soap opera follows a group of characters chosen for their quirkiness and entertainment value.
• Docusoaps have been based in institutions.
• They were made possible by lightweight camers equipment.
• Have an episodic, soap-like structure.
• Several interviewing plot lines.
• There are a relationship between characters.
• If the characters play up to the camera, we know it is part of the style.
• Everyone accepts the breaking of the natuatlist illusion.
• The 'shallowness' of the genre has prompted criticism.
• The intrest of the genre is ordinary but they create and promote 'stars' because of the success.
• The genre doesnt tell us anything about society
• Sometimes the characters become nationally know personalities.
• Audience get to know the characters.
• nothing serious happens to the main characters so the genre remains toungue-in-cheek.

Reality TV

• Factual TV characterised by a high degree of hybridsation between different programmes.
• Referred to as 'infotainment'
• Combination of entertainment and the provision of useful information.
• Often in prime-time and re-and-post-watershed slots
• 'Reality TV' hs become used to describe the most high-impact of the new factual televsion.
• A mix of 'raw', 'authentic' material with the seriousness of an information programme.

Reality TV is characterised by:

Camcorder, surveillance or observational camera work; first-person or eye-witness testimony; studio or to-camera links and commentary from presenters.

• Popular term to describe programmes that use 'ordinary' people filmed in a first-person or confessional style.
• Unmediated and direct as possible

Interactive

• Acknowledges the presence of the camera crew.
• Generally in the form of a interview.
• The audience is constantly reminded of the exsistence of the multiple viewpoints.
• 'Voice of God'
• Seen as being more honest becuase there is no attempt to disguise the camera and crew.
• Manipulation of the audience.
• Interviewer sets the agenda by asking 'loaded' questions and choosing who to interview.
• Interactive mode is clearly as constructed as other genre of documentary.

Drama-documentary

• Reconstruction and re-enactments are as old as documentary itself.
• Reconstruction was done patly because of the technology avaible at the time.
• Gained new recognition in the 1990's.
• Use by television journalists.
• Arouse much debate , because they are evn more open to bias and interpretation than other documentaries.
• Factual programmes.
  

'docudrama' - a fictional story that uses the techniques of documentary to reinforce its claim for realism e.g. The office.
'dramadoc' - a documentary reconstruction of the actaul events using techniques taken from fiction cinema e.g. Historical documentaries.

Current affairs

• Journalist-led programmes whose aim is to addres the news and the political agenda in greater depth than news bulletins.
• Emphasis is on the investigatory and the political, seeking out atrocity and political scandal.
• Organised around journalistic report.
• Reporters frequently appear in vision but there may be a voiceover by the 'voice of the programme'.

Documentary dilemmas

• Documentary footage is rarely broadcast unedited and once they have given permission to film, documentary subjectss are in the film-maker's hands.
• Film-maker balances their resonsibility to those who appear in the programme with their legal obligations.
  
• The relationships between programme makers and their subjects varies; they can be reporting on their subjects, investigating them, or observing them; they could be interpeting what they do and have to say, or arguing their subject's cause.

Introduction to Documentary.

What is a documentary?

• Focuses in and questions actual people and events.
• Often in social text, placing the audience in a position to form an opinion about who or what we are seeing.
• Purport to present factual information about the world.
• We understand what we are seeing is a documentray as it is often flagged up as such using on-screen labels e.g. a persons name and job title.
• Audience believe that the people and events actually exist and that the information being conveyed is correct.

Documentary makers use a number of devices when presenting information. For example:

• Record events as they actually occur.
• Information may be presented using visual aids, such as charts and maps;
• Some events may be staged for the camera e.g. Historical documentaries.

A documentary crew usually consists of only one camera operator and a sound person, so they can remain mobile while filming.

Documentary techniques

• Compilation film - where the film is made up of an assembly of archive images such as newsreel and footage;
• interview or 'talking heads' - where testimonies are recorded about people, events or social movements;
• Direct cinema - where an event is recorded 'as it happened' with minimal interference from the film-maker.

Narrative form

• They tell us a story.
• They need good characters, tension and point of view.
• Can be planned or improvised.
• Use a voice over; use interviews or 'observe'
  
• Found footage or music.
• Increasingly modern documentaries are less scripted
  
• Observational , resulting in the audience being placed in the position of a voyeur e.g. fly on the wall - Big Brother.
• Also use parallelism, asking the audience to draw parallels between characters, setting and situations.

Narration

• Will feature a narrator.
• Enables the audience to recieve plot information.
• Most common is the non-character narrator (Voice of god) remain anonymous.
• Use an 'authoritative voice' with whom we are already familiar with.
• Listening to a voice we recognise has the effect of making the audience trust the information being imparted.
• Voice-overs tend to be male.
• Documentaries aimed at a younger audience, have stared to introduce the female voice-over.

Lighting

• Lighting in a documentary usually originates naturally from the environment being filmed.
• Feature film-makers may use additional light to manipulate the image that the audience is present.

Camera work

• The most commonly used camera is the hand-held camera - removing the need for a tripod or dolly.
• Shaky shots make the film appear more 'authentic' and 'real'.
• Hand-held camera shot creates a subjective point of view.

Editing
Is a vital component of any film but documentary films rely upon it. There are several types of edit available:

• Fade-out - When an image gradually darkens into blackness;
• Fade-in - The opposite of the above and so the image lightens from blackness;
• Dissolve - When the end of the shot is briefly superimposed with the beginning of the next;
• Wipe - When a shot is replaced by another using a line which moves across the screen.
• Interpreting an event in an understandable form.
• During the editing process the material is selected, ordered and placed into sequential form, in other words 'mediated' (between what viewers see and what is true).
• Even during filming many choices are made which are all clues to the intentions of the film-makers.

Sound

• Diegetic sound
• Non-diegetic
• Documentaries rely heavily on non-diegetic sound to prompt the audience to respond in a certain way.

Documentaries are a necessary social vehicle for informing public opionand with the growth of video, more and more people have access to the means of production and therefore to expressing their opinion. The documentary genre allows for the expression of a point of view as well as the illustartion of the 'truth' in a way which is flexible yet understood by audiences who have become accustomed to the conventions of the genre.

Codes and conventions of filming an interview.

• Interviews filmed in medium shot, medium close up or close up
• framed to left or right of screen- if is more than one interview positioning alternates so as to create verity
• framing follows the rule of thirds- eye line is roughly a third of the way down the frame.
• interviewee looks at the interviewer not directly into the camera.
• positioning of interviewer is therefore important: if the interviewee is on the RIGHT side of the frame, the interview should be positioned on the LEFT side of the camera. if the interviewee is on the LEFT side of the frame, the interviewer is positioned on the RIGHT side of the camera.in either case the interviewee should sit or stand as close to the camera as possible.
• mise en scene: background reinforces the content of the interview or is relevant to the interviewee, providing more information about them in terms of occupation or personal environment
• interviews are never filmed with a light source behind them i.e in front of a window or with the sun behind them; the light is always in front of them
• questions are edited out
• cut aways are edited into the interview for two reasons; break up interview and illustrate what the interviewee is talking about ,to avoid jump cuts when questions are edited out
• cut aways are either; archive materials, suggested by something said in the interview and therefore filmed after the interview, sometimes aspects of the interview are filmed with another camera, such as extreme close ups of eyes, mouth and hands, and used as cutaways
• graphics are used to anchor who the person on screen is and their relevance to the topic of the documentary